Below is a collection of key sources that inform the LCO in creating a civil legal framework to address the creation, alteration and distribution of intimate images without consent, as part of the Intimate Images and Deepfakes project. This list is non-exhaustive.
Provincial legislation to address non-consensual distribution of intimate images
Alberta
Protecting Victims of Non-consensual Distribution of Intimate Images Act, RSA 2017, c P-26.9, https://canlii.ca/t/52xm1
Manitoba
The Non-Consensual Distribution of Intimate Images Act, C.C.S.M., c N93.
Bill 2: The Non-Consensual Distribution of Intimate Images Amendment Act
See also: Protect the Children.
Nova Scotia
Intimate Images and Cyber-protection Act, SNS 2017, c 7, s 3(f), https://canlii.ca/t/95sr#sec3
See also: the province of Nova Scotia Cyberscan Support for Victims.
Newfoundland and Labrador
Intimate Images Protection Act, RSNL 2018, c I-22.
Saskatchewan
The Privacy Act, RSS 1978, c P-24.
New Brunswick
Intimate Images Unlawful Distribution Act, SNB 2022, c1.
Prince Edward Island
Intimate Images Protection Act, SPEI 2020, c 55.
British Columbia
Intimate Images Protection Act, SBC 2023, c 11.
See also: the BC Civil Resolution Tribunal, Intimate Images Claims.
See also: the province of BC Intimate Images Protection Service.
Quebec
ACT TO COUNTER NON-CONSENSUAL SHARING OF INTIMATE IMAGES, CQLR c P-9.0002.
See also: the Province of Quebec fast track process for intimate image claims.
Federal legislation to address non-consensual distribution of intimate images
Federal Criminal Code
Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 162.1.
The Criminal Code establishes that sharing an intimate image without consent is a crime.
Bill C-16
Bill C-16, An Act to amend certain Acts in relation to criminal and correctional matters (child protection, gender-based violence, delays and other measures), 1st Sess, 45th Parl, 2025, cl 15(2).
Bill C-16 is a draft law to update the Criminal Code to address the distribution of intimate image deepfakes, and the threat to distribute.
International legislation
Australia Online Safety Act
Online Safety Act 2021 (Cth), No 76 of 2021, s 15 (Austl).
New South Wales Crimes Act
Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), No 40, s 91N (Austl).
USA Take It Down Act (2025)
Tools to Address Known Exploitation by Immobilizing Technological Deepfakes on Websites and Networks Act, Pub L No 119-12, § 2, 139 Stat 55 at 56 (2025) [TAKE IT DOWN Act]; Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, Pub L No 117-103, div W, tit XIII, § 1309, 136 Stat 929 (2022); 15 USC § 6851(a)(5) (2024); 18 USC § 2256(2), (5) (2024).
UK Online Safety Act 2023 and Data (Use and Access) Act 2025
Papers and Reports
Uniform Law Conference of Canada, Uniform Non-consensual Disclosure of Intimate Images Act: Report of the Working Group and Draft Uniform Act, November 2020.
Hilary A.N. Young and Emily Laidlaw,Creating a Revenge Porn Torn for Canada, (2020) 96 (2d) Supreme Court L Rev 147.
Suzie Dunn, Legal Definitions of Intimate Images in the Age of Sexual Deepfakes and Generative AI, (2024) 69:4 McGill LJ 395.
Nicola Henry and Rebecca Umbach, Sextortion: Prevalence and correlates in 10 countries, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 158, September 2024, 108298.